Penetration Testing simulates real-world attacks to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited. Unlike vulnerability scanning which identifies potential weaknesses, penetration testing actively attempts exploitation to demonstrate actual risk. Testers use the same techniques as attackers to find paths into systems and data.
Tests can be black box (no prior knowledge), white box (full access to documentation and code), or gray box (partial knowledge). Scope may include network infrastructure, web applications, wireless networks, physical security, or social engineering. Clear rules of engagement define boundaries and authorization.
CISSP Relevance
Domain 6 (Security Assessment and Testing) covers penetration testing methodology, types, and integration with security programs. Understand when penetration testing is appropriate versus vulnerability assessment, legal and ethical considerations, and how findings drive remediation. Know testing phases: reconnaissance, scanning, exploitation, and reporting.
Methodology guidance is available at OWASP Testing Guide.
Related terms: Vulnerability Assessment, Vulnerability